PAPER H 201 PHYSICAL OPTICS Marks-35 Contact Hours : 60 Group A Interference and Diffraction Interference of Light : Con...
PAPER H 201 PHYSICAL OPTICS
Marks-35
Contact Hours : 60
Group A Interference and Diffraction
Interferrometer : Michelson’s interferometer and its theory relating to the formation of circular fringe’s, Determination of wavelength of a source and small difference of wave lengths in D lines by Michelson’s interferometer, standardization of a meter by Michelson’s interferometer.
Diffraction of light : Fresnel and Fraunhofer class of diffraction, Fresnel’s half period zones, zone plate its similarity with convex lens. Diffraction at straight edge, circular aperture. Fraunhofer diffraction at single slit, plane diffraction grating.
Dispersive and resolving power of optical system: Rayleigh’s criterion of resolution of two spectral lines. Expression of resolving power of plane diffraction grating, telescope & microscope, Dispersive power of plane diffraction grating. Advantage of grating spectrum over prismatic spectrum.
Group B Polarization, Laser and Fibre Optics
Polarisation of light : Different methods of production of polarized light, Brewster’s law, double refraction, Nicol prism, construction and uses, polaroids, refraction through uniaxial crystal, quarter and half-wave plate, their uses in production and detection of elliptically and circularly polarized light. Babinets compensator, Analysis of polarized light. Optical activity, Fresnel explanation of optical rotation and its verification, half shade plate, rotary dispersion and polarimeters.
Interference of polarized light, Fresnel Arago’s law. Interference of parallel polarized light. Different colors in white light.
Laser: Spontaneous and induced emission of radiation, population inversion and optical resonators. Einstein’s A & B coefficient, Rate equation and operational principle of laser, Ruby laser and Helium- Neon laser. Applications of Laser, Principle of Holography.
Elements of fiber optics : Construction of optical fibers, image formation, numerical aperture, structure--step index, graded index, uses.
PAPER H 202
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
Total Marks : 35 Pass mamrks : 12
Group A : Heat
Kinetic theory of gases: Basic assumption of kinetic theory, Maxwell’s distribution law (both in terms of velocity and energy), root mean square, mean and most probable velocities and their relations; collision cross-section and mean free path, Maxwell’s derivation of mean free path; Degrees of freedom and equipartition of energy.
Real Gases: Andrew’s experiment and importance of its results, Vanderwaal’s equation of states, critical constants and their determination, law of corresponding states.
Transport phenomenon: Viscosity, conduction and diffusion of gases; Brownian motion – Einstein’s theory, Perrin’s experiment to determine Avogadro’s number.
Heat transfer: Thermal conductivity, diffusivity, Fourier equation for heat conduction –its solution (steady state) for rectilinear and radial (spherical and cylindrical) flow of heat, Determination of thermal conductivity of solids by Searle’s method, Forbe’s method and Lee’s disc method( for bad conductors).
Radiation : Kirchhoff’s law, Black body radiation, Energy density, Radiation pressure, StefansBoltzmann law and its derivation, Planck’s law and its derivation. Wien’s law, Rayleigh-Jean’s law as limiting cases of Planck’s law.
Group B : Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics: Internal energy, External work, First law of thermodynamics and its applications to isothermal and adiabatic changes in ideal and real gases, Specific heats of gases and their relations for ideal and real gases.
Second law of thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes, Efficiency of Carnot’s engine and Carnot’s theorem; Second law of thermodynamics, Its different formulations and their equivalence; Concept of entropy function, its physical significance and relation with probability, Change of entropy in simple reversible and irreversible processes, Calculation of entropy change for an ideal gas, real gas and a gas mixture.
Thermodynamic potentials: Enthalpy, Helmholtz and Gibb’s free energy, Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations and its applications – Three TDS equations and important thermodynamic relations.
Phase transitions: Equilibrium between phases, Gibb’s phase rule, Triple point, First and higher order phase transitions, Clausius- Clapeyron’s equation, Joule-Thomson effect, Temperature of inversion, Regenerative cooling.
PAPER H 203
ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM I
Total Marks – 35
Pass marks: 12
Group A Electricity
Concept of Electric Scalar Potential and its relation with Electric Field, Calculation of Potential for an arbitrary distribution of charge - Monopole, Dipole, Quadruple moments; Poisson’s and Laplace Equation, Boundary condition and uniqueness theorem, Calculation of the potential and capacitance of Parallel Plate, Spherical and Co-axial Cylindrical Condenser.
Electrostatics in matter: Phenomenon of polarization in linear dielectric, Concept of free and bound charge, Electric field in medium (Electric Displacement vector D), Gauss law (Integral and Differential form) in dielectric medium; Electric susceptibility, Dielectric constant, Electric permittivity and their relationship; Field inside a dielectric sphere in uniform electric field, Clausius-Mossoti Relation.
Thermo-electricity: Thermo-emf, Peltier and Thomson effect, experimental demonstration of Peltier and Thomson effect ; Experimental laws of thermoelectric circuits, Thermoelectric power diagram.
Group B Magnetism
Magnetic effect of electric current: Concept of magnetic field vector and its relationship with steady current, Ampere’s circuital law (both in integral and differential form) and its application to simple systems, viz., current carrying loop, solenoid, toroid ; Biot-Savart’s law and its application to simple systems, viz., long straight wire carrying steady current, circular loop carrying steady current, solenoid, Helmholtz coil; Derivation of Curl B= µ0J (Differential form of Ampere’s law) and DivB=0 and their physical meaning; Conductance and Ohm’s law; Concept of magnetic vector potential A; Energy due to magnetostatic field.
Magnetism in matter: Magnetization of linear magnetic medium; Magnetic dipole moment due to a current carrying loop, Concept of free and bound current, Magnetic field in medium (Auxiliary magnetic field vector H), Ampere’s law (Integral and Differential form) in medium, Magnetic susceptibility and permittivity and their relationship.
Steady current: Kirchhoff laws, Application of these laws in Wheatstone bridge. Sensitivity of Wheatstone’s bridge. Moving Coil and ballistic Galvanometer --- working principle, characteristics and comparison.
PAPER H 204
HONOURS LABORATORY I
Marks: 90 GROUP A
(At least 15 experiments are to be performed during the year .Two Experiments, one from each group are to be performed in six (6) hours during final examination)1. Determination of the value of acceleration due to gravity by using bar Pendulum.
2. Determination of M.I. of the given body about an axis passing through its center of gravity by Torsional oscillation method.
3. To determine the modulus of rigidity of the form of a cylindrical rod by statical method.
4. Determination of young’s modulus of the material of the given wire by Searle’s method.
5. Determination of focal length of the given concave lens with the help of convex lens.
6. Determination of refractive index of the given liquid with the help of plane mirror, convex lens & spherometer.
7. Determination of the co-efficient of viscosity of water by flow through a capillary tube
8. To determine the frequency of a tuning fork by Melde’s method.
9. To determine refractive index of water using travelling microscope.
10. To determine the focal length of two given convex lenses and their combination in contact by displacement method. GROUP B
11. Comparison of the magnetic moments of two given bar magnets by deflection magnetometer.
12. Determination of the value of the given low resistance by drop of potential method with the help of metre-bridge.
13. Determination of the resistance per unit length of a metre-bridge wire by Carey-Foster method. 14. Determination of the specific resistance of the materials of a given wire by metre-bridge.
15. Determination of internal resistance of a cell with the help of potentiometer.
16. Conversion of the given galvanometer into an ammeter & its calibration using copper voltameter. 17. To determine the value of J by Joule’s electrical calorimeter.
18. To verify laws of series and parallel resistances by PO Box.
19.To compare the values of two low resistances with the help of potentiometer.
20. Determination of reduction factor of tangent galvanometer and hence to determine H, the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic intensity at a place.
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